Introduction to desquamative gingivitis Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is the clinical term given to the gingival manifestation of mucocutaneous diseases. This gingival condition is characterized by intense erythema, sloughing off or ulceration that is commonly associated with some kind of systemic autoimmune disease. This condition is non-plaque associated and may be localized to the marginal gingiva,…
Read MoreIntroduction to gingival enlargement Gingival enlargement or gingival overgrowth is the increase in the size of gingiva. It is a common clinical condition usually seen in acute and chronic gingival inflammation. The enlargement of the gingival tissue may also occur due to many other reasons, which include drug intake associated, conditioned, neoplastic or false enlargements.…
Read MoreIntroduction to periodontitis The 2017, World Workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions defines periodontitis as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus 1. This disease may progress rapidly or slowly and has been presently categorized in Stages and…
Read MoreIntroduction to bone destruction in periodontitis Microbial etiology of periodontal diseases is well established, but the present data strongly suggest an equally important role of host immune response in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The initial response to bacterial infection is a local inflammatory reaction that activates the innate immune system, causing the release of…
Read MoreIntroduction to the periodontal pocket The formation of a true periodontal pocket is the hallmark of periodontitis. It is characterized by the apical migration of the junctional epithelium from its normal position at the cementoenamel junction. Various investigators throughout history have tried to understand the exact mechanism of pocket formation. Historically, various theories of pocket…
Read MoreIntroduction to periodontal Pocket The periodontal pocket is a pathologically deepened gingival sulcus due to the apical migration of junctional epithelium. It may occur due to coronal movement of the gingival margin, apical displacement of epithelial attachment or a combination of the above. The coronal movement of the gingival margin (gingival enlargement) without the destruction…
Read MoreIntroduction to gingivitis It has been well established that diseases are initiated by oral bacteria perturbing epithelial cells, which trigger innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune responses. These processes result in the destruction of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth and eventually result in tissue, bone, and, finally, tooth loss. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell…
Read MoreIntroduction to the recent 2017 classification system Since the introduction of the World Workshop 1999 classification, tremendous research has been done in both basic and clinical fields in periodontics. With the evolution of new evidence, there was a need to re-define various periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. With this intention, the American Academy of…
Read MoreIntroduction to classification systems used in periodontics Our basic understanding regarding periodontal diseases and the concepts in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases have evolved and substantially changed during the past centuries. The initial classification systems were based on the clinical features of the diseases (1870-1920), then came the concepts of classical pathology (1920-1970), and presently…
Read MoreIntroduction to indices The index is defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of the population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods 30. With the help of indices, various populations can…
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