Introduction Genetic Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more distinct alleles at a particular gene locus within a population’s genetic makeup, where the least common allele has a frequency of at least 1% in the population. These variations can exist in the form of single nucleotide differences, insertions, deletions, or larger structural changes…
Read MoreIntroduction Metabolomic analysis is a powerful tool that has gained significant attention in the study of various diseases, including periodontal disease. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, is linked to a complex interplay of microbial, host, and environmental factors. Understanding the metabolic changes associated with periodontal disease can…
Read MoreIntroduction Periodontal diseases, primarily gingivitis and periodontitis, are among the most common oral health issues globally, affecting a significant portion of the population. These conditions, characterized by inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of teeth, can lead to tooth loss if not adequately managed. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and…
Read MoreIntroduction Periodontal diseases, primarily characterized by inflammation and destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, pose significant health challenges. Traditional treatment modalities include mechanical debridement, surgical interventions, and pharmacological therapies. However, these approaches often have limitations, including patient discomfort, risk of infection, and varying degrees of efficacy. In recent years, photobiostimulation (PBM), also known…
Read MoreIntroduction Periodontitis is a complex, chronic inflammatory disease that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It results from the interaction between microbial biofilms and the host’s immune response. Understanding the immune response in periodontitis is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive strategies. A critical aspect…
Read MoreIntroduction Salivary markers for periodontal diseases are emerging as non-invasive, accessible, and cost-effective tools for the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of periodontal conditions. Saliva contains a variety of biomarkers, including proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and microbial components, which can reflect the health status of periodontal tissues. These markers can be assessed using techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent…
Read MoreIntroduction Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring substance in the body, found primarily in connective tissues, skin, and eyes. It is a glycosaminoglycan, a type of long, unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units. Unlike other glycosaminoglycans, HA does not contain sulfur and is not sulfated. It forms a coiled linear chain in a…
Read MoreIntroduction Viral infections are commonly seen on the oral mucosa and surrounding soft tissues. Many infections are subclinical and subside without any complication. However, with an increasing number of patients with immunosuppression, iatrogenic immunosuppression, anticancer therapy and organ transplant, these infections present with significant morbidity and complications. In the following discussion, we shall read about…
Read MoreIntroduction Fungi are important constituents of the normal microflora of the oral cavity. Like most of the bacterial species, they do not cause any disease in a healthy individual. Fungal infections are mostly observed in immunocompromised patients. In other words, we can say that these are opportunistic infections, which precipitate when the immune system of…
Read MoreIntroduction There is a range of oral mucosal lesions and conditions which increase the risk of malignancy. Before going into the details, we should know what is the difference between premalignant lesions and conditions. A precancerous lesion is a morphologically altered tissue in which oral cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently…
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