Introduction Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring substance in the body, found primarily in connective tissues, skin, and eyes. It is a glycosaminoglycan, a type of long, unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units. Unlike other glycosaminoglycans, HA does not contain sulfur and is not sulfated. It forms a coiled linear chain in a…
Read MoreIntroduction Viral infections are commonly seen on the oral mucosa and surrounding soft tissues. Many infections are subclinical and subside without any complication. However, with an increasing number of patients with immunosuppression, iatrogenic immunosuppression, anticancer therapy and organ transplant, these infections present with significant morbidity and complications. In the following discussion, we shall read about…
Read MoreIntroduction Fungi are important constituents of the normal microflora of the oral cavity. Like most of the bacterial species, they do not cause any disease in a healthy individual. Fungal infections are mostly observed in immunocompromised patients. In other words, we can say that these are opportunistic infections, which precipitate when the immune system of…
Read MoreIntroduction Inflammation is a protective response involving host cells, blood vessels, and proteins and other mediators, that is intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult, and to initiate the process of repair. Inflammation may occur due to many causes, including…
Read MoreIntroduction There is a range of oral mucosal lesions and conditions which increase the risk of malignancy. Before going into the details, we should know what is the difference between premalignant lesions and conditions. A precancerous lesion is a morphologically altered tissue in which oral cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently…
Read MoreIntroduction There have been a lot of changes in periodontal surgical techniques in the last few decades. One of the most important of these was the introduction of minimally invasive periodontal surgical techniques. Broadly, these techniques involve access and visualization of only those areas that require periodontal treatment using the smallest incision possible. The development…
Read MoreIntroduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings. They are primarily formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials such as coal, oil, gas, wood, and tobacco. PAHs are known environmental pollutants and have been associated with various adverse health effects, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and…
Read MoreIntroduction Active oxygen-releasing gels are used in various dental treatments due to their antibacterial properties and ability to promote healing. These gels release oxygen in a controlled manner, which helps in eradicating anaerobic bacteria and promoting the recovery of healthy oral flora. Active oxygen-releasing gels typically contain compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, or…
Read MoreIntroduction The concept of angulated dental implants has evolved significantly over the years. Angulated dental implants refer to the placement of dental implants at an angle rather than perpendicular to the occlusal plane. This technique is often employed to address anatomical constraints, improve esthetics, or maximize the use of available bone in areas where traditional…
Read MoreIntroduction Calcium and phosphorus are essential nutrients involved in many biological processes. These minerals are the most abundant elements in the body, with 99% of Ca and 80% of P stored in the skeleton as hydroxyapatite, and both play an important role in bone development and mineralization. The calcium and phosphate homeostasis is controlled by…
Read More