Introduction There have been a lot of changes in periodontal surgical techniques in the last few decades. One of the most important of these was the introduction of minimally invasive periodontal surgical techniques. Broadly, these techniques involve access and visualization of only those areas that require periodontal treatment using the smallest incision possible. The development…
Read MoreIntroduction Occlusion refers to the way the teeth come together when the jaws close. Proper occlusion is critical for the longevity and success of dental implants. It encompasses the alignment, contact, and interaction of the teeth during rest, chewing, and other jaw movements. Occlusion can be divided into static and dynamic occlusion for the sake…
Read MoreIntroduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings. They are primarily formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials such as coal, oil, gas, wood, and tobacco. PAHs are known environmental pollutants and have been associated with various adverse health effects, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and…
Read MoreIntroduction The field of dental implantology has seen significant advancements over the past few decades. One of the pivotal developments has been the concept of immediate loading of dental implants. Immediate loading of dental implants is a technique where a dental implant is placed and a temporary restoration is attached within 48 hours of the…
Read MoreIntroduction Active oxygen-releasing gels are used in various dental treatments due to their antibacterial properties and ability to promote healing. These gels release oxygen in a controlled manner, which helps in eradicating anaerobic bacteria and promoting the recovery of healthy oral flora. Active oxygen-releasing gels typically contain compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, or…
Read MoreIntroduction The concept of angulated dental implants has evolved significantly over the years. Angulated dental implants refer to the placement of dental implants at an angle rather than perpendicular to the occlusal plane. This technique is often employed to address anatomical constraints, improve esthetics, or maximize the use of available bone in areas where traditional…
Read MoreIntroduction Calcium and phosphorus are essential nutrients involved in many biological processes. These minerals are the most abundant elements in the body, with 99% of Ca and 80% of P stored in the skeleton as hydroxyapatite, and both play an important role in bone development and mineralization. The calcium and phosphate homeostasis is controlled by…
Read MoreIntroduction Bone graft integration is a complex and multifaceted process that involves multiple cellular and molecular events. Understanding this mechanism is essential for optimizing clinical outcomes in periodontal regenerative therapy. To understand the mechanism of bone graft integration, first we should be aware of three terminologies: Osteoconduction, Osteoinduction and Osteogenesis. Osteoconduction involves providing a physical,…
Read MoreIntroduction Mast cells are long-lived tissue-resident cells with an important role in many inflammatory settings, including host defense against parasitic infections and allergic reactions. They are part of the body’s first line of defense and are involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, wound healing, and defense against pathogens. They are distributed around the microvascular…
Read MoreIntroduction Pterygoid implants are used in dental procedures to provide support in the posterior maxilla, particularly in cases where traditional implant placement is challenging due to bone resorption or sinus pneumatization. These implants engage the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone, offering several advantages such as avoiding sinus augmentation and providing immediate load-bearing capacity. The…
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